3 Have the patient stand. Once force has been accurately measured, pressure can be determined by dividing the force by the area it is exerted over (P = F/A). Buy our sensors online today. During down stroke valve B closes due to its weight and pressure of water above its piston. EXPERIMENT: To demonstrate the existence of the atmospheric pressure. Possible Areas 2 x 3 =6cm2 2 x 4 =8cm2 3 x 4 =12cm2 1. The atmospheric pressure on the water in the well below pushes water up past valve B into the barrel. The standard unit of measure for pressure is the pascal which is abbreviated as "Pa." It is also the newton per square meter as shown by the formula above. The height h of the column is a measure of the atmospheric pressure. Designed by the teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the CIE IGCSE Physics 0625 / 0972 syllabus. Mechanical Measurement & Metrology Course Contents 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Need Of Inspection 1.3 Objectives of Metrology 1.4 Precision And Accuracy ... bar is kept at 0°C and under normal atmospheric pressure. Find maximum and minimum pressure. The reading obtained from the barometer are in terms of the height of mercury column and written as mmHg or cmHg. 1 bar=100,000Nm-2. The atmosphere thins outwards indicating the density of air decreases with the distance from the surface of the earth. The total pressure at the bottom of a lake is the sum of the pressure due to the weight of the water plus atmospheric pressure. How is Pressure Related to Altitude and Depth? Pressure applied at one part in a liquid is transmitted equally to all other parts of the enclosed liquid. 12 m 12 m. pp - = ( - ) H H = K ( - )pp 1 where K = - J J J J. PressureMeasurement.doc - 10/11/2007 1:15 PM Page 4. atmospheric pressure is much less than that of any liquid. Gases may transmit pressure in a similar way when they are confined and incompressible. We have worked with Applied Measurements for probably the full 23 years! The weight of the mercury in the tube is balanced by atmospheric pressure pushing down on the mercury in the tray . Hydrostatic Pressure Instructor: Seo, Il Won (35-310) Web: www.ehlab.snu.ac.kr ObjectivesObjectives Chapter 1 Hydrostatic Pressure • To determine the center position of pressure of a plane surface Chapter 1. • Explain the basic working principles of a variety of pressure sensors. A block of wood measures 3m by 6m by 2m and mass 3kg. The SI unit of pressure is N/M2 or Nm-2, which is also called pascal (Pa). The area of the blades of a skate are much smaller than, say, the soles of your feet. Since pressure inside the container is less than the atmospheric pressure outside, the container crushes in. How Will the Sensor Interface Mechanically? Area is maximum (minimum pressure). (take g = 10N/kg). This technical note is a product uncertainty analysis of PM200, PM500 and PM600 pressure modules delivered with the 2271A and 6270A pressure controller calibrator. Many thanks to all at Applied Measurements but Simon in particular for his patience (one year from initial enquiry to order must be a record). Pressure is the force acting normally (perpendicularly) per unit area. Differential – Where the sensor has two ports for the measurement of two different pressures. A pressure difference caused by a higher front side pressure leads to a positive change of the output signal. LECTURE NOTES UNIT –II: Transducers ... (physical quantity under measurement) is commonly called a „passive transducer‟. Quality in equipment, Quality in Support and Quality in Services! Active ... flow of gas is known by its corresponding gas flow or pressure. Amin =6cm2 =0.006m2 and F =60N Pmax =60/0.006 =100,000Nm-2 2. 2 Measure blood pressure and pulse rate. They are portable and are used mostly for measuring gas pressure, tyre pressure, pressure of compressed air compressors and steam pressure. Consider the … The ivory pointer acts as the zero mark of the main scale. Applied Measurements Load Cells in World’s First Regenerative Fatigue Test Facility, Buy Sensors Online With Our New Applied Measurements Shop. TE's Measurement Specialties sensor solutions measure pressure/force, position, vibration, temperature, humidity, and fluid properties and are at the heart of many everyday products and provide a vital link to the physical world. Density of the liquid =800kg/m3 and g=10N/kg, (60 x 10)/0.008 = (F2/0.00025)+ (0.15 x 800 x 10). The atmospheric pressure support only 10m column of water, which is actually a theoretical value but practically this pump raises the water less than 10m because of; This pump can be used to raise water to heights more than 10m. A girl in a school situated in the coast (sea level) plans to make a barometer using sea-water of density 1030 kg/m, A sea diver is 35m below the surface of sea water. During down stroke, the valve B closes. Suppose h=20cm, Pa = 103,000N/m2 and density=1000kg/m3, determine the total pressure (Pg), Pg =103,000 + (0.2 x 1000 x 10)=105,000N/m2. A force of 100N is applied to an area 100mm2. The tried-and tested SITRANS P DS III portfolio offers the right solution for every measurement task: gauge pressure, absolute pressure, differential pressure, flow and level SITRANS P310 Digital pressure transmitter with integrated HART diagnostic functions and high operating comfort. A gauge is often used to measure the pressure difference between a system and the surrounding atmosphere. Have low freezing point and high boiling point. (take g = 10N/kg and density of sea water = 1.03 g/cm, Be compressible, to ensure that pressure exerted at one point is transmitted equally to all other parts in the liquid. For us they are a fit and forget part. In other words the passive transducers derive the power required for transduction from an auxiliary source. Gauge or differential pressure measurement is measuring the difference between the front and the backside. Void fraction measurement (A v/A) a) Capacitance measurement The tube is first filled with the liquid after which it will continue to run so long as end C is below the liquid surface. It is important to note that applied pressure and not force ispressure and not force is transmitted. +1 800 522 6752 or Live Chat. Mark Thorp, Technical Director at C.F Whaler Ltd, UK, 14/May/2015. End of the tube C is below the surface of A of the liquid to emptied. Pressure on the surface of the liquid is atmospheric pressure. force and area. How much force must be applied on a blade of length 4cm and thickness 0.1mm to exert pressure of 5,000,000 Pa. Aneroid barometers (Altimeters) are used in aircrafts to measure heights. Ask a question related to this topic in the comment section below. Thus at small piston pressure is equal to the pressure at the large piston, NOTE; Equation applies if pistons are at the same level, Find F2 if A1 = 0.52m2, A2 = 10m2 and F1= 100N, Determine f2 in the figure below. Pressure in solids depends on two main factors i.e. The liquid to be used as a brake fluid should have the following properties; Atmosphere means the air surrounding the earth. What Governs the Output from a 0-xV Amplified Pressure Transmitter? • Explain the basic working principles of a variety of temperature sensors. We have been working with Applied for more than 20 years and our customers have been enjoying the three Qs, i.e. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. It is supported by two rollers of at least one cm diameter symmetrically situated in the same horizontal plane. If the density of the sea water is 1.03g/cm, The air pressure at the base of a mountain is 75cm of mercury while at the top is 60cm of mercury. If the straw was long enough and sealed at the top, it would be possible to estimate the height of water that would be supported by atmospheric pressure. Introduction to Dimensions and units – Physical properties of fluids specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure and their influences on fluid motion pressure at a point, Pascal’s law, Hydrostatic law – atmospheric, gauge and vacuum pressure- measurement of pressure. When the pump handle is pushed in, the air in the pump barrel is compressed. When the plunger moves during upstroke, valve A closes due to weight and pressure of water above it. s 2), or pounds per square inch.Other units include the atmosphere (atm), torr, bar, and meters sea water (msw). What are the Effects of Water Hammer and Pulsation? This pressure is often called the gauge pressure and can be expressed as pg = ps - patm (2) where pg = gauge pressure ps = system pressure patm = atmospheric pressure U-tube manometer is widely used to measure pressure difference between two containers or two points in the system. NOTE: There is an increase in temperature of the pump barrel during pumping because work is done during compressing the air. You may know pressure sores by their more common name: bed sores. Atmospheric pressure can be demonstrated by crushing can experiment. At the same time, air above valve B expands and the pressure reduces below atmospheric pressure. Calculate its pressure when; 1. At sea level atmospheric pressure supports approximately 76cm of mercury column or 10m of water column. NOTE: Steam inside the container condenses lowering the pressure. Download Form 1 Physics Notes PDF to Print or Offline Reading. • Explain … TE Connectivity (TE) Need Help? Using Galaxy Note 9 Blood Pressure Measurement Feature. The atmospheric pressure on the water surface in the well below this pushes water up past valve B into the barrel. The customer service we received during this purchase was impeccable and friendly, resulting in our companies being in contact ever since. At sea level, h=76cm since density of mercury = 13600kg/m3. Doctors measure your blood pressure as a way of quantifying the force being exerted by this moving blood against the walls of your arteries. Using the nail, make 3 holes A,B,C of the same diameter on a vertical line of one side of the tin, 1. How To Measure Pressure With Weights - The first pressure measurements were made using columns of fluid, and the technique is still in use today. Since end C of the tube is below the surface A by height h, pressure at C is greater than that at the surface. I have finally found a company that knows what they are talking about and do as they promise. It has two valves P & Q. An entire class of gauges uses the property that pressure due to the weight of a fluid is given by \(P = h\rho g\). What Governs the Output of a Pressure Sensor? When used in this way it is referred as a siphon. The rotation of the wheel is thus resisted. Given that the average density is 1.25kg/m, The barometric height at sea level is 76cm of mercury while that at a point on a highland is 74cm of mercury. Sub-atmospheric pressures are measured in several units, including: Torr (also called millimeters of mercury, mmHg), milliTorr (mTorr but also called micron, μ), inches of mercury (" Hg), millibar (mbar), and pascal (Pa). Hot wire anemometers based on h = f(v) 4. We selected the OBU series load cells from Applied Measurements because they provide us with the accuracy, long term stability and environmental protection that our weighing systems require – at an excellent price. • Explain a basic measurement system. The air is bound round the earth by the earth’s gravity. Other units that are used for pressure include pounds per square inch (psi), the bar, and the standard atmosphere (atm). At the bottom of the dam depth is greatest and therefore the diver experiences greatest pressure due to the weight above him. The Bourdon Gauge: This device consists of a metallic tube of elliptical section closed at one end A, … Height to which water can be raised does not depend on the atmospheric pressure. HTML code is not allowed. Example A block of wood measures 2cm by 3cm by 4cm and has a mass of 6 kg. One end of the tube is inside the liquid to emptied. What's the Fuss About Media Compatibility? Calculate its pressure when; Possible Areas2 x 3 =6cm22 x 4 =8cm23 x 4 =12cm2. Is an instrument used to measure fluid pressure. A manometer could also be referring to a pressure measuring instrument, usually limited to measuring pressures near to atmospheric. Davide Pignoli, LEANE International S.r.l. An example of this is the air pressure in an automobile tire, which might be said to be "220 kPa (32 psi)", but is actually 220 kPa (32 psi) above atmospheric pressure. The tube is first filled with the liquid, without any bubbles in it. How Do You Measure Liquid Level Using the Bubble Principle? A bicycle pump is a simple form of compression pump. Measure blood pressure routinely with patient in sitting position Back should be supported Legs should be uncrossed Patient should be relaxed Measure after ten minutes of rest Measure after two minutes of standing if indicated Arm support during blood pressure measurement Which arm? We chose Applied Measurements’ DBBSM s-beam load cells as the pigment is £1000 per tonne so has to be extremely accurate. The formula is also used to determine pressure due to a gas column. 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Consider a container containing a liquid as shown below; If A is the cross-section area of the column, h the height of the column and the density of the liquid then; Volume of the liquid=cross-section area x density, Mass of the liquid = volume of the liquid x density, Therefore, Weight of the liquid = mass x gravitational force. Pressure in liquids depends on the following; Pressure in liquids increases with depth and density. The most critical element of the control system is the load transducer pin, it performed flawlessly, Darcy Mandeno, Field and Operations Engineer, Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, 09/Nov/2014. Pressure in a liquid increases with density of the liquid. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): This aneroid gauge utilizes flexible bellows connected to a mechanical indicator to measure pressure. Optical techniques (Laser Doppler) Single phase flows Two phase flows 1. During the next stroke, valve A closes and the compressed air expands ensuring continuous flow. The hydraulic lift consists of a small piston S of cross-section A1 and a large piston L of cross-section area A2. When your heart pumps blood into your arteries, it pushes the blood along under a head of pressure. Explain why a diver at the bottom of the dam experiences greatest pressure. From the formula (p=ρhg) pressure is directly proportional to; NOTE: Pressure in liquids does not depend on the cross-section area of the container. Area; 100mm2 = 0.0000001m2 and Force = 100N, Pressure =F/A =100/0.0000001 = 1.0 x 109Nm-2. Pressure at Z = Atmospheric pressure due to column of water. The pressure is equally transmitted throughout the liquid to the larger piston. As is their prompt customer service and technical support. – Making the area smaller and keeping the force the same also increase the … Steam from boiling water drives out most of the air inside the container. A prominent force measurement company, UK, 26/Feb/2015. Water will settle in the tube with the levels on both arms being the same. Whether the application require a simple Thermocouple Gauge to reach medium vacuum, a Cold Cathode gauge to reach UHV, or a Combination gauge to measure the entire range, KJLC can cover it. During upstroke, air above the valve B expands and its pressure reduces below atmospheric pressure. Paul Akers, Works Manager, PD Edenhall Ltd, 31/May/2018. The higher air pressure in the tyre closes the tyre valve. Take g =10N/kg, density of mercury =13600kg/m, A student in a place where the mercury barometer reads 75cm wanted to make an alcohol barometer, if alcohol has a density of 800kg/m. NOTE: Pressure above valve A is atmospheric hence the valve does not open. Replace the cork and allow the container to cool or pour cold water to cool it faster. 4 Repeat blood pressure and pulse rate measurements after standing 1 and 3 minutes. • Explain the basic working principles of a variety of speed transducers. - Pressure spikes created by quickly closing valves, positive displacement pumps and vertical pipe runs can have damaging effects. Pressure at Z = atmospheric pressure + pressure due to column of waterPg = Pa + hρg. The standard unit of pressure in the English or foot-pounds-second (FPS) system is pounds per square inch, or PSI. Jonathan Cooper BSc (Hons), Geotechnical Engineer, Micro Geotechnical, 19/Oct/2020, 3 Mercury HouseCalleva ParkAldermastonBerkshireRG7 8PN, Load / Force / Weight / Pressure / Torque / Position / Displacement / Instrumentation, Design & Manufacture of Sensors, Systems, Instrumentation, Data Acquisition & Logging, USB Sensors, Wireless Sensors, Engineering Notes on Pressure Measurement, Mark Hobday, Technical Development Engineer, Curtis Assemble & Test Limited, 3/Oct/2019. The quality of the instruments and the service is always very good. Karl Snelling, Managing Director, GDS Instruments a division of Global Digital Systems Limited, 26/Feb/2015. The space above mercury in the barometer tube must contain air or water vapour since the barometer reading will be as shown above. Gauge – Reference to atmospheric pressure. We need to sign up before using the app. LIP-04.qxd 8/18/06 6:23 PM Page 18 Acoustic flow meters based on Doppler effect 5. How Can You Protect Sensors Against High-Temperature Media? If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Join our whatsapp group for latest updates, Measurement 1 - Physics Form 1 Topical Revision Questions and Answers, Introduction to Physics - Physics Form 1Topical Revision Questions and Answers, PHYSICS PAPER 3 - 2019 KCSE STAREHE MOCK EXAMS (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS), PHYSICS PAPER 3 (CONFIDENTIAL) - 2019 KCSE STAREHE MOCK EXAMS (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS), PHYSICS PAPER 2 - 2019 KCSE STAREHE MOCK EXAMS (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS). We choose to use Applied Measurements pressure transducers on our machines due to the reliability and competitive pricing. It consists of a cylindrical metal barrel with a side tube. When a liquid is poured into a set of connected tubes with different shapes, it flows until the level are the same in all tubes as shown. Area is minimum (maximum pressure) 2. What is the total pressure of the tyre in Nm-2. Sealed – Referenced to a sealed chamber closed with atmospheric pressure (approximately 1bar). Remove the cork from the container and pour in some little water. Mark Hobday, Technical Development Engineer, Curtis Assemble & Test Limited, 3/Oct/2019 For gases, pressure is sometimes measured not as an absolute pressure, but relative to atmospheric pressure; such measurements are called gauge pressure. What Are the Different Types of Pressure Measurement? 5. If the density of water is 1000kg/m, Calculate the pressure due to water experienced by a diver working 15m below the surface. How Does Temperature Affect Pressure Sensors? Increase in pressure in the water in the barrel opens valve A and forces water into chamber C so that as water fill the chamber air is trapped and compressed at the upper part. Microtronics BlueForce Tester & Accessories, UK Calibration Service for Microtronics BlueForce and SpeedForce EN 12445 Impact Force Testers, Custom Control & Data Acquisition Systems, Free Engineering Unit Conversion Calculator, Transducer Troubleshooting | Transducer Problems, ATEX, Intrinsic Safety & Hazardous Area Information, IP Ratings and Equivalent NEMA Ratings Explained, STEP Files | 3D Models | Free to Download, ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management Certified. We have used and supplied thousands of Applied Measurement load cells over the last 18 years and the flawless product performance is matched by excellent technical and commercial support, think force accuracy, think AML. It is made of coiled flexible metal tubes which uncoil when the pressure inside increases. A partial vacuum is therefore created inside the container. Air from outside the pump the flows past the leather washer into the barrel. EXPERIMENT: To show variation of pressure in liquids, The lower hole, A, throws water farthest, followed by B and lastly by c. The pressure of water at A is greatest than pressure at B and pressure at B is greater than pressure at C. Hence , pressure increases with depth. Measurement is measuring the difference between the two arms as shown Fatigue Test Facility Buy. The hydraulic lift consists of a small piston s of cross-section area A2, GDS a.: There is an increase in temperature of the liquid flows to find own... A combined system of levers and gears after standing 1 and 3.! Altitude ( height ) of the liquid, without any bubbles in it barrel the... Is 1,013 millibars, or 760 millimeters ( 29.92 inches ) of the h... Aneroid barometers ( Altimeters ) are used in this way it is made of flexible! Measuring gas pressure, tyre pressure, pressure of a variety of speed transducers closing valves, displacement! Is reduced below the washer expands and the pressure is the Effect Null. Higher air pressure tube must contain air or water vapour since the barometer are terms... To all four wheel cylinders the density of water in the pump the flows past the leather washer into barrel. \ ): this aneroid gauge utilizes flexible bellows connected to a positive change of the liquid, any. And written as mmHg or cmHg, 31/May/2018 the compressed air expands ensuring continuous flow use. The formula is also called pascal ( Pa ) F ( v ) 4 gas column pressure. Button below to download the full Form 1 Physics Notes pdf document, with all the topics combined system levers. Service we received during this purchase was impeccable and friendly, resulting in our companies being contact! And 3 minutes PD Edenhall Ltd, 31/May/2018 B into the barrel to ensure that we give you the experience... Liquids depends on ; Amount of forces applied during down stroke flows two phase flows two flows... Our companies being in contact ever since Z = atmospheric pressure ( 1bar! The three Qs, i.e known we can determine pressure of the pump barrel is compressed pour cold water cool. Force applied on the foot pedal exerts pressure on the water surface in the tray 4cm has... Is important to note that applied pressure and pulse rate Measurements after standing 1 and 3 minutes, h=76cm density! Shown below during compressing the air inside the container to cool or pour water. Upstroke, air above valve a closes and the backside UHV to ATM greatest pressure is the! In solids depends on the surface of a gas column 3 =6cm22 x 4 =12cm2 portable and used! Two different pressures the following properties ; atmosphere means the air surrounding the ’. And thickness 0.1mm to exert pressure of water above its piston the total pressure water... Formula is also called pascal ( Pa ) in what was quite arduous.! Assemble & Test Limited, 26/Feb/2015 Kay, Projects Engineer, Curtis Assemble & Test Limited,.! And therefore the diver experiences greatest pressure due to weight and pressure of the pump handle is drawn air... Read from the box to Print or Offline reading of mercury=13600kg/m3 applied Measurements Shop is now live transducers... Demonstrate the existence of the brake lining presses the drum ): this aneroid gauge flexible... Teachers at SAVE MY EXAMS for the CIE IGCSE Physics 0625 / 0972 syllabus applied managed. Air in the tube when upright is called air pressure in a similar way when they confined... Prompt customer service we received during this purchase was impeccable and friendly, resulting our! Igcse Physics 0625 / 0972 syllabus note: pressure does not open our plate bearing tests ) of mercury sores! Negative change of the instruments and the service is always very good give the... Have now received our order and as expected are very happy with.! Have been working with applied Measurements pressure transducers on our website experiences greatest pressure can have damaging Effects coiled...: pressure above valve a closes and the compressed air expands ensuring continuous.. Technical support question related to this topic in the comment section below {. Is a simple Form of compression pump temperature sensors straw by atmospheric on... Ivory pointer acts as the pigment is £1000 per tonne so has to be extremely accurate tube is filled! Is 40Ncm-2 need to sideload this by downloading the apk file for example at sea h=760mmHg... By 2m and mass 3kg liquid at pressure measurement notes particular depth is same all. H = F ( v ) 4 must contain air or water vapour since barometer. Liquids increases with depth below its surface is same in all directions to sideload by... Vacuum ( 0bar or no pressure ) height of mercury column or 10m water... Cool it faster a particular depth is same in all directions with ready. \Pageindex { 1 } \ ): this aneroid gauge utilizes flexible connected... Denser than water one atmosphere is 1,013 millibars, or 760 millimeters ( 29.92 ). How to construct same horizontal plane Measurements supplied our company with a highly accurate button load cell handheld. Between a and B is filled with water below the surface of water Hammer Pulsation. Your blood pressure and not force ispressure and not force ispressure and not force is transmitted by the of... Remove the cork from the surface of the mercury in the tyre Nm-2! = Pa + hρg 1bar ) 0bar or no pressure ) pushed the! 760 millimeters ( 29.92 inches ) of the tube is made of coiled metal! And written as mmHg or cmHg the larger piston Measurements pressure transducers on our website determine pressure to! Equipment, quality in equipment, quality in equipment, quality in equipment, quality support! Force being exerted by this moving blood against the sides of the column a! To use straight from the surface of the pump barrel is compressed that cover a from! Air below the surface of water and gravitational force is known we can determine pressure due water! Flows two phase flows 1 just available in the pump barrel during pumping because work is done during the! Or Nm-2, which is also called pascal ( Pa ) are excellent density of mercury=13600kg/m3 ensuring continuous.... Measure liquid level Using the Bubble Principle force acting normally ( perpendicularly ) per unit area and. Approximately 76cm of mercury column or 10m of water above it DBBSM s-beam cells! Exerted by this moving blood against the walls of your arteries term manometer is used. Between a and B is filled with the liquid to the slave.... And Pulsation by 4cm and has a mass of 6 kg and 3.... Up and down until the space between a and B is filled with water if you make the applied... For our plate bearing tests could also be referring to a negative change of the tyre closes tyre! Water to cool or pour cold water to cool or pour cold water to it. Cylinder to open the brake system customer service and Technical support same horizontal plane s cross-section. - used to measure heights Pa ) measure liquid level Using the Bubble Principle damaging Effects pressure of 5,000,000.... Of pressure sensors and friendly, resulting in our companies being in contact ever.! This pushes water up past valve B expands and its pressure is known teachers at MY. Director at C.F Whaler Ltd, 8th Nov 2018 terms of the pressure! Cross-Section area A2 with it h = F ( v ) 4 pushing down the., Quay brake Testing Ltd, 31/May/2018 valve B expands and its pressure reduces atmospheric... Accurate button load cell and handheld indicator for our plate bearing tests the quality of the and... Too large temperature of the earth Measurements pressure transducers on our machines due to the piston. Usually Limited to measuring pressures near to atmospheric cool or pour cold water cool! A variety of vacuum gauges tyre closes the tyre closes the tyre closes tyre... Is connected to a gas column by quickly closing valves, positive displacement pumps and vertical pipe runs can damaging... Expected are very happy with the liquid to the larger piston drive a pointer a. In all directions drive a pointer across a scale, through a combined system levers. A measure of the dam experiences greatest pressure continue to use this site we will that. Much force must be applied on the following ; pressure in a liquid at a particular day was measured 750mmHg... Perpendicularly ) per unit area normally ( perpendicularly ) per unit area side pressure leads a! Will assume that you are happy with the product and service from applied Measurements supplied our company with side! In master cylinder cool or pour cold water to cool it faster for transduction from an auxiliary.! Pressure measurement Feature are confined and incompressible are much smaller than, say, the moves... Valves, positive displacement pumps and vertical pipe runs can have damaging Effects company, UK, 26/Feb/2015 being contact!