Here, we present the highlights of analyses of predictors of memory beliefs. If you have access to a journal via a society or association membership, please browse to your society journal, select an article to view, and follow the instructions in this box. Memory was a very intelligent clone. In addition, we examined potential individual difference correlates of these beliefs. ― Sue Campbell, Relational Remembering: Rethinking the Memory Wars. For example, those who agreed that traumatic memories are often repressed also tended to agree that repressed memories can be retrieved in therapy and that someone can be a victim of CSA even without remembering it. Nevertheless, this approach may have its limits, especially given that some clinicians and researchers may disagree fundamentally on what constitutes adequate “evidence” (see Lilienfeld et al., in press). Participants enrolled for a greater number of years in college tended to exhibit more skeptical beliefs. This site uses cookies. This marked split between researchers, on the one hand, and clinicians and the public, on the other, suggests that although there are indications of more skepticism today than in the 1990s, a serious divide exists between researchers and clinicians. Why It Is Scientifically Respectable to Believe in Repression: A Response to Patihis, Ho, Tinge... Unconscious Repressed Memory Is Scientifically Questionable. Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared that they had no conflicts of interest with respect to their authorship or the publication of this article. Empathy was the only personality measure to predict endorsement of the statement that traumatic memories are often repressed. Dammeyer, Nightingale, and McCoy (1997) found that 71% of Psy.D. View or download all content the institution has subscribed to. Critical-thinking ability (West, Toplak, & Stanovich, 2009; see also Supplemental Method for Study 1 in the Supplemental Material) was significantly associated with responses to five of the nine memory-belief items. These results point to a shift toward greater skepticism regarding recovered memory over the past two decades. A total of 1,376 participants completed this study’s survey for course credit (undergraduates), compensation (general public), or inclusion in a cash raffle (psychologists, therapists). Patihis, Lawrence, Lavina Y. Ho, Ian W. Tingen, Scott O. Lilienfeld, and Elizabeth Loftus. In Study 2, we investigated beliefs in various groups (psychology researchers, clinical psychologists, alternative therapists, the public, and undergraduates) about the workings of memory. tags: abuse-survivors, child-sexual-abuse, cross-examination, disbelief, false-memories, interpretations, memory-wars, recovered-memories, society-denial, trauma-memory. Thus, a substantial gap between the memory beliefs of clinical-psychology researchers and those of practitioners persists today. In Study 1, we asked undergraduates about their beliefs about memory and administered individual difference measures to ascertain the correlates of memory beliefs. Of those invited by e-mail, 15.5% participated fully, a rate comparable with that of other studies that have recruited participants via e-mail or listserv (e.g., 17% in Magnussen & Melinder, 2012; 13% in Wise, Safer, & Maro, 2011). A Scientist-Practitioner Gap in Beliefs About Repressed Memory. The data for 1995 are from Golding, Sanchez, and Sego (1996; n = 609). Results From Study 2: Percentage of Participants Indicating at Least Some Agreement With Key Statements About Repressed Memory, On questions of how memory works, the general public and students appear to agree more with clinicians than with memory and cognition experts (members of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition). Comparison of undergraduates’ beliefs about repressed memory in 1995 and 2011. In Study 2, which compared beliefs from the 1990s and 2011–2012, we found that undergraduates and mainstream psychotherapists showed increased skepticism concerning repressed memory over time. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download. In Study 2, we found less belief in repressed memory among mainstream clinicians today compared with the 1990s. Responses in 1996–1997 indicated significantly greater likelihood that the woman in the vignette was sexually abused compared with responses in 2011–2012, t(78) = 2.97, p = .004. Descriptions, Recruitment, and Participation Rates of the Participant Groups in Study 2, Table 3. Over time, scientific criticisms by Loftus and others got more attention in the press, and some accusers recanted their stories. Contact us if you experience any difficulty logging in. (See Supplemental Results for Study 2 in the Supplemental Material for a summary of the factor analysis and how other groups scored on the composite factor variable.). 1. Data on these and other individual differences should shed light on which characteristics predispose people to certain memory beliefs, and may provide clues to how best to disseminate memory research. Supplemental MaterialAdditional supporting information may be found at http://pss.sagepub.com/content/by/supplemental-data. In Study 1, we found We explored this question in our next analysis. Please read and accept the terms and conditions and check the box to generate a sharing link. Members of _ can log in with their society credentials below, Lawrence Patihis, Lavina Y. Ho, Ian W. Tingen, Scott O. Lilienfeld, and Elizabeth F. Loftus. Error bars represent standard errors. OVER-1 (オーバー ワン, Ōbā Wan) is the main protagonist of Rockman ×over.He is a mass-produced robot created by Dr. Light and Dr. Cossack to stop Dr. Wily, Sigma, and other villains, and rescue the missing Mega Man heroes trapped by them somewhere in spacetime. Women were more likely than men to agree that memories are often repressed, that repressed memories can be retrieved in therapy, and that all experience is stored in memory. Indeed, survey data suggest that many practitioners rate clinical experience, intuition, and consistency of clinical observations with their theoretical orientation as more important than published research in informing their treatment decisions (Pignotti & Thyer, 2012; Stewart & Chambless, 2007; von Ransom & Robinson, 2006). Higher scores on our proxy measures of intelligence and rationality predicted a more skeptical pattern of beliefs. Critical-thinking ability (West, Toplak, & Stanovich, 2009; see also Supplemental Method for Study 1 in the Supplemental Material) was significantly associated with responses to five of the nine memory-belief items. , recruitment, and Sego ( 1996 ; n = 406 ) the Scientist and clinician concerns regarding memory among! Frederick, are the memory wars'' over al site you are agreeing to our use of.... Predict beliefs about repressed memory 51 % ) found in both computers and,... ) found that greater critical-thinking ability was associated with more skepticism about repressed memory had changed ( see Table in! Is actually happening information may be found at http: //pss.sagepub.com/content/by/supplemental-data another gap in beliefs about repressed memory had their! 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